R/data_documentation.R
mainwaring.RdTrichotomous democracy indicator from S. Mainwaring, D. Brinks, and A. Pérez-Liñán. "Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America". In: Studies in Comparative International Development 36.1 (2001), pp. 37-65. DOI: 10.1007/bf02687584. Extended in S. Mainwaring, A. Pérez-Liñán, and D. Brinks. "Political Regimes in Latin America, 1900-2007 (with Daniel Brinks)". In: Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Chap. Political Regimes in Latin America, 1900-2007 (with Daniel Brinks). Original data used to be available from http://kellogg.nd.edu/scottmainwaring/Political_Regimes.pdf, though no longer.
mainwaring
mainwaring_pmmAn object of class tbl_df (inherits from tbl, data.frame) with 2156 rows and 14 columns.
An object of class tbl_df (inherits from tbl, data.frame) with 835 rows and 7 columns.
S. Mainwaring, A. Pérez-Liñán, and D. Brinks. "Political Regimes in Latin America, 1900-2007 (with Daniel Brinks)". In: Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Chap. Political Regimes in Latin America, 1900-2007 (with Daniel Brinks).
D. Pemstein, S. A. Meserve, and J. Melton. Replication data for: Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type. 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/PMM.
The original country name.
The calendar year.
Trichotomous numerical democracy indicator from S. Mainwaring, D. Brinks, and A. Pérez-Liñán. "Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America". In: Studies in Comparative International Development 36.1 (2001), pp. 37-65. DOI: 10.1007/bf02687584. S. Mainwaring, A. Pérez-Liñán, and D. Brinks. "Political Regimes in Latin America, 1900-2007 (with Daniel Brinks)". In: Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Chap. Political Regimes in Latin America, 1900-2007 (with Daniel Brinks). 0 = non-democracy, 0.5 = hybrid, 1 = democracy.
Trichotomous democracy indicator. From the published article:
When governments commit no violation of any of the four criteria (elections, franchise, civil liberties, and civilian power), they are coded as democratic. They rank as authoritarian if they present one or more major violations or as semi-democratic if they display only partial failures in one or more categories.
Measure of whether the principle of free and fair elections is violated. MV = major violation, NV = No violation, PV = partial violation. From the published article:
A major violation of this democratic principle occurs if:
the head of government or the legislature is not elected.
the government uses its resources (patronage, repression, or a combination of both) to ensure electoral victory--i.e., there are systematic complaints about fraud or repression, and there is virtual certainty about the outcome of presidential elections (e.g., Mexico 1945-88, Argentina 1952-55, E1 Salvador 1952-63, Paraguay 1960-89).
through fraud, manipulation, or outright repression, the government makes it impossible for a wide gamut of parties to compete (or if they do compete, to take office).
A partial violation occurs if:
there are systematic complaints of rigged elections and/or harassment of the opposition but there is still uncertainty about electoral outcomes and the government fails to capture large majorities in the legislature; or the military vetoed a few "unacceptable" but important presidential candidates (e.g., Argentina 1958-66); fraud affected but did not thoroughly skew electoral results; or the elections were conducted under substantially unequal playing rules (e.g., Nicaragua in 1984 because the Sandinistas dominated the media and pressured opposition groups, E1 Salvador in the 1980s because the left faced massive repression).
Measure of whether the principle of inclusive franchise is violated. MV = major violation, NV = No violation, PV = partial violation. NA if the electoral principle is coded MV. From the published article:
A major violation of this democratic principle occurs if a large part of the adult population is disenfranchised on ethnic, class, gender, or educational grounds in ways that:
likely prevent very different electoral outcomes (or so is widely believed); or
are unusually exclusionary for that historical period; or
trigger mass social protests.
A partial violation occurs if disenfranchisement of some social groups occurs in ways that are not likely to significantly shape electoral outcomes.
Measure of whether the civil liberties are violated. MV = major violation, NV = No violation, PV = partial violation. NA if the electoral principle is coded MV. From the published article;
A major violation of democratic principles occurs if:
gross human rights violations or censorship against opposition media occur systematically; or
political parties are not free to organize--i.e., most major parties are banned, just a single party is allowed to exist, or a few parties are tightly controlled by the government (e.g., Panama 1968-1980, Paraguay 1947-59, Brazil 1965-79).
A partial violation occurs if:
violations of human rights are less widespread but still affect the opposition's capacity to organize in some geographic areas or some social sectors; or
there is intermittent censorship of the media or regular prohibition of one major party or candidate.
Measure of whether the elected rulers enjoy real governing capacity (e.g., are not overruled by the military). MV = major violation, NV = No violation, PV = partial violation. NA if the electoral principle is coded MV. From the published article:
A major violation of this democratic principle occurs if:
military leaders or the military as an institution openly dominate major policy areas not strictly related to the armed forces; or
if the elected head of government is a puppet, such that the electoral process does not really determine who governs.
A partial violation occurs if military leaders or the military as an institution are able to veto important policies in a few areas not related to the armed forces (e.g., Ecuador 1961-62).
First year of the regime.
Last year of the regime.
The name of the country in the Gleditsch-Ward system of states, or the official name of the entity (for non-sovereign entities and states not in the Gleditsch and Ward system of states) or else a common name for disputed cases that do not have an official name (e.g., Western Sahara, Hyderabad). The Gleditsch and Ward scheme sometimes indicates the common name of the country and (in parentheses) the name of an earlier incarnation of the state: thus, they have Germany (Prussia), Russia (Soviet Union), Madagascar (Malagasy), etc. For details, see Gleditsch, Kristian S. & Michael D. Ward. 1999. "Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of the Independent States since 1816." International Interactions 25: 393-413. The list can be found at http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/statelist.html.
Gleditsch and Ward's numeric country code, from the Gleditsch and Ward list of independent states.
The Correlates of War numeric country code, 2016 version. This differs from Gleditsch and Ward's numeric country code in a few cases. See http://www.correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/state-system-membership for the full list.
Whether the state is "in system" (that is, is
independent and sovereign), according to Gleditsch and Ward, for this
particular date. Matches at the end of the year; so, for example South
Vietnam 1975 is FALSE because, according to Gleditsch and Ward, the
country ended on April 1975 (being absorbed by North Vietnam). It is also
TRUE for dates beyond 2012 for countries that did not end by then, depsite
the fact that the Gleditsch and Ward list has not been updated since.
The mainwaring_pmm version of this data is taken from D. Pemstein, S. A. Meserve, and J. Melton. Replication data for: Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type. 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/PMM. It only contains a numeric version of the Mainwaring Regime indicator, ranging from -1 (Authoritarian) to 0 (Semidemocracy) to 1 (Democracy). The original dataset is found in mainwaring. PMM's replication data is actually missing a fair number of the data points in the original dataset, but the original dataset is not missing any of their data points, and there are no differences between the data points wherever both the original and the replication data have values. It is included here for completeness.
Other democracy:
LIED,
PIPE,
REIGN,
anckar,
anrr,
arat_pmm,
blm,
bmr,
bnr,
bollen_pmm,
bti,
doorenspleet,
download_fh_electoral(),
download_fh_full(),
download_fh(),
download_wgi_voice_and_accountability(),
eiu,
extended_uds,
fh_pmm,
gwf_all,
hadenius_pmm,
kailitz,
magaloni,
munck_pmm,
pacl_update,
pacl,
peps,
pitf,
polityIV,
polity_pmm,
polyarchy_dimensions,
polyarchy,
prc_gasiorowski,
svmdi,
svolik_regime,
uds_2014,
ulfelder,
utip,
vanhanen,
vdem_simple,
wahman_teorell_hadenius
Other PMM replication data:
arat_pmm,
blm,
bollen_pmm,
fh_pmm,
hadenius_pmm,
munck_pmm,
pacl,
polity_pmm,
prc_gasiorowski
Other regional democracy indexes:
blm
Other trichotomous democracy indexes:
blm,
kailitz,
prc_gasiorowski,
utip