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Authors and Citation

Authors

  • Xavier Marquez. Author, maintainer.

Citation

Source: inst/CITATION

Acemoglu D, Naidu S, Restrepo P, Robinson JA (2019). “Democracy Does Cause Growth.” Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 47–100. doi:10.1086/700936. 

@Article{anrr2019,
  title = {Democracy Does Cause Growth},
  author = {Daron Acemoglu and Suresh Naidu and Pascual Restrepo and James A. Robinson},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {127},
  number = {1},
  pages = {47--100},
  doi = {10.1086/700936},
}

Anckar C, Fredriksson C (2018). “Classifying Political Regimes 1800–2016: A Typology and a New Dataset.” European Political Science, 18(1), 84–96. doi:10.1057/s41304-018-0149-8. 

@Article{anckarClassifyingPoliticalRegimes2018a,
  title = {Classifying Political Regimes 1800–2016: A Typology and a New Dataset},
  author = {Carsten Anckar and Cecilia Fredriksson},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {European Political Science},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {84--96},
  doi = {10.1057/s41304-018-0149-8},
}

Arat ZF (1991). Democracy and Human Rights in Developing Countries. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder. 

@Book{arat1991,
  title = {Democracy and Human Rights in Developing Countries},
  author = {Zehra F. Arat},
  year = {1991},
  publisher = {Lynne Rienner Publishers},
  address = {Boulder},
}

Bell C (2016). “The Rulers, Elections, and Irregular Governance Dataset (REIGN).” https://oefdatascience.github.io/REIGN.github.io/. 

@Misc{reign2016,
  title = {The Rulers, Elections, and Irregular Governance Dataset ({{REIGN}})},
  author = {Curtis Bell},
  year = {2016},
  url = {https://oefdatascience.github.io/REIGN.github.io/},
  organization = {OEF Research},
}

Bernhard M, Nordstrom T, Reenock C (2001). “Economic Performance, Institutional Intermediation, and Democratic Survival.” Journal of Politics, 63(3), 775–803. doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00087. 

@Article{bnr2001,
  title = {Economic Performance, Institutional Intermediation, and Democratic Survival},
  author = {Michael Bernhard and Timothy Nordstrom and Christopher Reenock},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {Journal of Politics},
  volume = {63},
  number = {3},
  pages = {775--803},
  doi = {10.1111/0022-3816.00087},
}

Bertelsmann Stiftung (2026). “Transformation Index BTI 2026: Governance in International Comparison.” Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh. https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/publications/publication/did/transformation-index-bti-2026. 

@TechReport{bti2026,
  type = {Report},
  title = {Transformation Index {{BTI}} 2026: {{Governance}} in International Comparison},
  author = {{Bertelsmann Stiftung}},
  year = {2026},
  institution = {Bertelsmann Stiftung},
  url = {https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/publications/publication/did/transformation-index-bti-2026},
  isbn = {978-3-68933-009-5},
  address = {Gütersloh},
}

Bertelsmann Stiftung (2024). “Transformation Index of the Bertelsmann Stiftung 2024.” Bertelsmann Stiftung. 

@TechReport{bti2024,
  type = {Report},
  title = {Transformation Index of the Bertelsmann Stiftung 2024},
  author = {{Bertelsmann Stiftung}},
  year = {2024},
  institution = {Bertelsmann Stiftung},
}

Bjørnskov C, Rode M (2025). “Bjørnskov-Rode Integrated Dataset v6.2.” http://www.christianbjoernskov.com/bjoernskovrodedata/. 

@Misc{pacl_update_2025,
  title = {Bjørnskov-{{Rode Integrated Dataset}} v6.2},
  author = {Christian Bjørnskov and Martin Rode},
  year = {2025},
  url = {http://www.christianbjoernskov.com/bjoernskovrodedata/},
}

Bjørnskov C, Rode M (2020). “Regime Types and Regime Change: A New Dataset on Democracy, Coups, and Political Institutions.” The Review of International Organizations, 15(2), 531–551. doi:10.1007/s11558-019-09345-1. 

@Article{pacl_update_2020,
  title = {Regime Types and Regime Change: {{A}} New Dataset on Democracy, Coups, and Political Institutions},
  author = {Christian Bjørnskov and Martin Rode},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {The Review of International Organizations},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {531--551},
  doi = {10.1007/s11558-019-09345-1},
}

Boix C, Miller M, Rosato S (2012). “A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies, 46(12), 1523–1554. doi:10.1177/0010414012463905. 

@Article{bmr2012,
  title = {A {{Complete Data Set}} of {{Political Regimes}}, 1800–2007},
  author = {Carles Boix and Michael Miller and Sebastian Rosato},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  volume = {46},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1523--1554},
  doi = {10.1177/0010414012463905},
}

Bollen KA (2001). “Cross-National Indicators of Liberal Democracy, 1950-1990.” doi:10.3886/ICPSR02532.v2. 

@Misc{bollen2001,
  title = {Cross-National Indicators of Liberal Democracy, 1950-1990},
  author = {Kenneth A. Bollen},
  year = {2001},
  doi = {10.3886/ICPSR02532.v2},
  organization = {Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) [distributor]},
}

Bollen K, Paxton P (2000). “Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies, 33(1), 58–86. doi:10.1177/0010414000033001003. 

@Article{BollenPaxton2000,
  title = {Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy},
  author = {Kenneth Bollen and Pamela Paxton},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58--86},
  doi = {10.1177/0010414000033001003},
}

Bowman K, Lehoucq F, Mahoney J (2005). “Measuring Political Democracy: Case Expertise, Data Adequacy, and Central America.” Comparative Political Studies, 38(8), 939–970. doi:10.1177/0010414005277083. 

@Article{blm2005,
  title = {Measuring Political Democracy: {{Case}} Expertise, Data Adequacy, and Central America},
  author = {Kirk Bowman and Fabrice Lehoucq and James Mahoney},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  volume = {38},
  number = {8},
  pages = {939--970},
  doi = {10.1177/0010414005277083},
}

Chalmers RP (2012). “mirt: A Multidimensional Item Response Theory Package for the R Environment.” Journal of Statistical Software, 48(6), 1–29. doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i06. 

@Article{chalmersMirtMultidimensionalItem2012,
  title = {mirt: A Multidimensional Item Response Theory Package for the {{R}} Environment},
  author = {R. Philip Chalmers},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {48},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1--29},
  doi = {10.18637/jss.v048.i06},
}

Cheibub JA, Gandhi J, Vreeland JR (2009). “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice, 143(1–2), 67–101. doi:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2. 

@Article{pacl2010,
  title = {Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited},
  author = {José Antonio Cheibub and Jennifer Gandhi and James Raymond Vreeland},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Public Choice},
  volume = {143},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {67--101},
  doi = {10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2},
}

Coppedge M, Alvarez A, Maldonado C (2008). “Two Persistent Dimensions of Democracy: Contestation and Inclusiveness.” The journal of politics, 70(03), 632–647. doi:10.1017/S0022381608080663. 

@Article{polyarchy_dimensions2008,
  title = {Two Persistent Dimensions of Democracy: {{Contestation}} and Inclusiveness},
  author = {Michael Coppedge and Angel Alvarez and Claudia Maldonado},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {The journal of politics},
  volume = {70},
  number = {03},
  pages = {632--647},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022381608080663},
}

Coppedge M, Gerring J, Knutsen CH, Lindberg SI, Teorell J, Altman D, Angiolillo F, Bernhard M, Borella C, Cornell A, Fish MS, Fox L, Gastaldi L, Gjerløw H, Glynn A, Good God A, Grahn S, Hicken A, Kinzelbach K, Marquardt KL, McMann K, Mechkova V, Neundorf A, Paxton P, Pemstein D, Rydén O, von Römer J, Seim B, Sigman R, Skaaning S, Staton J, Sundström A, Tzelgov E, Uberti L, Wang Y, Wig T, Ziblatt D (2024). “V-Dem Codebook V14.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/. 

@TechReport{vdem14codebook,
  type = {Report},
  title = {V-{{Dem Codebook}} V14},
  author = {Michael Coppedge and John Gerring and Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg and Jan Teorell and David Altman and Fabio Angiolillo and Michael Bernhard and Cecilia Borella and Agnes Cornell and M. Steven Fish and Linnea Fox and Lisa Gastaldi and Haakon Gjerløw and Adam Glynn and Ana {Good God} and Sandra Grahn and Allen Hicken and Katrin Kinzelbach and Kyle L. Marquardt and Kelly McMann and Valeriya Mechkova and Anja Neundorf and Pamela Paxton and Daniel Pemstein and Oskar Rydén and Johannes {von Römer} and Brigitte Seim and Rachel Sigman and Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jeffrey Staton and Aksel Sundström and Eitan Tzelgov and Luca Uberti and Yi-ting Wang and Tore Wig and Daniel Ziblatt},
  year = {2024},
  institution = {Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project},
  url = {https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/},
}

Coppedge M, Gerring J, Knutsen CH, Lindberg SI, Teorell J, Altman D, Angiolillo F, Bernhard M, Cornell A, Fish MS, Fox L, Gastaldi L, Gjerløw H, Glynn A, God AG, Grahn S, Hicken A, Kinzelbach K, Marquardt KL, McMann K, Mechkova V, Neundorf A, Paxton P, Pemstein D, von Römer J, Seim B, Sigman R, Skaaning S, Staton J, Sundström A, Tannenberg M, Tzelgov E, Wang Y, Wiebrecht F, Wig T, Ziblatt D (2025). “V-Dem Codebook V15.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://www.v-dem.net/. 

@TechReport{vdem15codebook,
  type = {Report},
  title = {V-{{Dem Codebook}} V15},
  author = {Michael Coppedge and John Gerring and Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg and Jan Teorell and David Altman and Fabio Angiolillo and Michael Bernhard and Agnes Cornell and M. Steven Fish and Linnea Fox and Lisa Gastaldi and Haakon Gjerløw and Adam Glynn and Ana Good God and Sandra Grahn and Allen Hicken and Katrin Kinzelbach and Kyle L. Marquardt and Kelly McMann and Valeriya Mechkova and Anja Neundorf and Pamela Paxton and Daniel Pemstein and Johannes {von Römer} and Brigitte Seim and Rachel Sigman and Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jeffrey Staton and Aksel Sundström and Marcus Tannenberg and Eitan Tzelgov and Yi-ting Wang and Felix Wiebrecht and Tore Wig and Daniel Ziblatt},
  year = {2025},
  institution = {Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project},
  url = {https://www.v-dem.net/},
}

Coppedge M, Gerring J, Knutsen CH, Lindberg SI, Teorell J, Altman D, Angiolillo F, Bernhard M, Cornell A, Fish MS, Fox L, Gastaldi L, Gjerløw H, Glynn A, God AG, Hicken A, Kinzelbach K, Krusell J, Marquardt KL, McMann K, Mechkova V, Medzihorsky J, Neundorf A, Paxton P, Pemstein D, Pernes J, von Römer J, Seim B, Sigman R, Skaaning S, Staton J, Sundström A, Tannenberg M, Tzelgov E, Wang Y, Wig T, Wilson S, Ziblatt D (2026). “V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset V16.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/. 

@Misc{vdem16dataset,
  title = {V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset V16},
  author = {Michael Coppedge and John Gerring and Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg and Jan Teorell and David Altman and Fabio Angiolillo and Michael Bernhard and Agnes Cornell and M. Steven Fish and Linnea Fox and Lisa Gastaldi and Haakon Gjerløw and Adam Glynn and Ana Good God and Allen Hicken and Katrin Kinzelbach and Joshua Krusell and Kyle L. Marquardt and Kelly McMann and Valeriya Mechkova and Juraj Medzihorsky and Anja Neundorf and Pamela Paxton and Daniel Pemstein and Josefine Pernes and Johannes {von Römer} and Brigitte Seim and Rachel Sigman and Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jeffrey Staton and Aksel Sundström and Marcus Tannenberg and Eitan Tzelgov and Yi-ting Wang and Tore Wig and Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project},
  url = {https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/},
}

Coppedge M, Gerring J, Knutsen CH, Lindberg SI, Teorell J, Altman D, Angiolillo F, Bernhard M, Cornell A, Fish MS, Fox L, Gastaldi L, Gjerløw H, Glynn A, God AG, Hicken A, Kinzelbach K, Marquardt KL, McMann K, Mechkova V, Neundorf A, Paxton P, Pemstein D, Pernes J, von Römer J, Seim B, Sigman R, Skaaning S, Staton J, Sundström A, Tannenberg M, Tzelgov E, Wang Y, Wig T, Ziblatt D (2026). “V-Dem Codebook V16.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://www.v-dem.net/documents/70/codebook_v16.pdf. 

@TechReport{vdem16codebook,
  type = {Report},
  title = {V-Dem Codebook V16},
  author = {Michael Coppedge and John Gerring and Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg and Jan Teorell and David Altman and Fabio Angiolillo and Michael Bernhard and Agnes Cornell and M. Steven Fish and Linnea Fox and Lisa Gastaldi and Haakon Gjerløw and Adam Glynn and Ana Good God and Allen Hicken and Katrin Kinzelbach and Kyle L. Marquardt and Kelly McMann and Valeriya Mechkova and Anja Neundorf and Pamela Paxton and Daniel Pemstein and Josefine Pernes and Johannes {von Römer} and Brigitte Seim and Rachel Sigman and Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jeffrey Staton and Aksel Sundström and Marcus Tannenberg and Eitan Tzelgov and Yi-ting Wang and Tore Wig and Daniel Ziblatt},
  year = {2026},
  institution = {Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project},
  url = {https://www.v-dem.net/documents/70/codebook_v16.pdf},
}

Coppedge M, Gerring J, Knutsen CH, Lindberg SI, Teorell J, Altman D, Bernhard M, Cornell A, Fish MS, Gastaldi L, Gjerløw H, Glynn A, Grahn S, Hicken A, Kinzelbach K, Marquardt KL, McMann K, Mechkova V, Neundorf A, Paxton P, Pemstein D, Rydén O, von Römer J, Seim B, Sigman R, Skaaning S, Staton J, Sundström A, Tzelgov E, Uberti L, Wang Y, Wig T, Ziblatt D (????). “V-Dem Codebook V13.” 

@Misc{vdem13codebook,
  title = {V-Dem Codebook V13},
  author = {Michael Coppedge and John Gerring and Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg and Jan Teorell and David Altman and Michael Bernhard and Agnes Cornell and M. Steven Fish and Lisa Gastaldi and Haakon Gjerløw and Adam Glynn and Sandra Grahn and Allen Hicken and Katrin Kinzelbach and Kyle L. Marquardt and Kelly McMann and Valeriya Mechkova and Anja Neundorf and Pamela Paxton and Daniel Pemstein and Oskar Rydén and Johannes {von Römer} and Brigitte Seim and Rachel Sigman and Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jeffrey Staton and Aksel Sundström and Eitan Tzelgov and Luca Uberti and Yi-ting Wang and Tore Wig and Daniel Ziblatt},
  organization = {Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project},
}

Coppedge M, Reinicke WH (1990). “Measuring Polyarchy.” Studies in Comparative International Development, 25(1), 51–72. 

@Article{polyarchy1990,
  title = {Measuring Polyarchy},
  author = {Michael Coppedge and Wolfgang H. Reinicke},
  year = {1990},
  journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {51--72},
}

Correlates of War Project (2017). “State System Membership List, V2016.” https://correlatesofwar.org. 

@Misc{correlatesofwarprojectStateSystemMembership2017,
  title = {State System Membership List, V2016},
  author = {{Correlates of War Project}},
  year = {2017},
  url = {https://correlatesofwar.org},
  version = {2016},
}

Doorenspleet R (2000). “Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization.” World Politics, 52(03), 384–406. doi:10.1017/S0043887100016580. 

@Article{doorenspleet2000,
  title = {Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization},
  author = {Renske Doorenspleet},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {World Politics},
  volume = {52},
  number = {03},
  pages = {384--406},
  doi = {10.1017/S0043887100016580},
}

Freedom House (2024). “Freedom in the World 2024: The Mounting Damage of Flawed Elections and Armed Conflict.” Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2024/mounting-damage-flawed-elections-and-armed-conflict. 

@TechReport{fh2024,
  type = {Report},
  title = {Freedom in the World 2024: {{The Mounting Damage}} of {{Flawed Elections}} and {{Armed Conflict}}},
  author = {{Freedom House}},
  year = {2024},
  institution = {Freedom House},
  url = {https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2024/mounting-damage-flawed-elections-and-armed-conflict},
}

Freedom House (2025). “Freedom in the World 2025: The Uphill Battle to Safeguard Rights.” Freedom House. 

@TechReport{fh2025,
  title = {Freedom in the World 2025: {{The Uphill Battle}} to {{Safeguard Rights}}},
  author = {{Freedom House}},
  year = {2025},
  month = {feb},
  institution = {Freedom House},
}

Freedom House (2026). “Freedom in the World 2026: The Growing Shadow of Autocracy.” Freedom House. 

@TechReport{fh2026,
  title = {Freedom in the World 2026: {{The}} Growing Shadow of Autocracy},
  author = {{Freedom House}},
  year = {2026},
  month = {mar},
  institution = {Freedom House},
}

Gasiorowski M (1996). “An Overview of the Political Regime Change Dataset.” Comparative Political Studies, 29(4), 469–483. doi:10.1177/0010414096029004004. 

@Article{Gasiorowski1996,
  title = {An Overview of the Political Regime Change Dataset},
  author = {Mark Gasiorowski},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  volume = {29},
  number = {4},
  pages = {469--483},
  doi = {10.1177/0010414096029004004},
}

Geddes B, Wright J, Frantz E (2014). “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics, 12(1), 313–331. doi:10.1017/S1537592714000851. 

@Article{gwf2014,
  title = {Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: {{A}} New Data Set},
  author = {Barbara Geddes and Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {313--331},
  doi = {10.1017/S1537592714000851},
}

Gleditsch KS, Ward MD (1999). “Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of Independent States since the Congress of Vienna.” International Interactions, 25(4), 393–413. doi:10.1080/03050629908434958. 

@Article{GleditschWard1999,
  title = {Interstate System Membership: {{A}} Revised List of Independent States since the Congress of {{Vienna}}},
  author = {Kristian S Gleditsch and Michael D Ward},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {International Interactions},
  volume = {25},
  number = {4},
  pages = {393--413},
  doi = {10.1080/03050629908434958},
}

Goldstone J, Bates R, Epstein D, Gurr T, Lustik M, Marshall M, Ulfelder J, Woodward M (2010). “A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(1), 190–208. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00426.x. 

@Article{pitf2010,
  title = {A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability},
  author = {Jack Goldstone and Robert Bates and David Epstein and Ted Gurr and Michael Lustik and Monty Marshall and Jay Ulfelder and Mark Woodward},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {54},
  number = {1},
  pages = {190--208},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00426.x},
}

Gründler K, Krieger T (2016). “Democracy and Growth: Evidence from a Machine Learning Indicator.” European Journal of Political Economy, 45, 85–107. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.05.005. 

@Article{svmdi2016,
  type = {Journal Article},
  title = {Democracy and Growth: {{Evidence}} from a Machine Learning Indicator},
  author = {Klaus Gründler and Tommy Krieger},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {European Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {85--107},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.05.005},
}

Gründler K, Krieger T (2018). “Machine Learning Indices, Political Institutions, and Economic Development.” CESifo Group Munich. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3171982. 

@TechReport{svmdi2018,
  type = {Report},
  title = {Machine Learning Indices, Political Institutions, and Economic Development},
  author = {Klaus Gründler and Tommy Krieger},
  year = {2018},
  institution = {CESifo Group Munich},
  url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3171982},
}

Gründler K, Krieger T (2021/05/17/). “Using Machine Learning for Measuring Democracy: A Practitioners Guide and a New Updated Dataset for 186 Countries from 1919 to 2019.” European Journal of Political Economy, 102047. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102047. 

@Article{svmdi2021,
  title = {Using {{Machine Learning}} for Measuring Democracy: {{A}} Practitioners Guide and a New Updated Dataset for 186 Countries from 1919 to 2019},
  author = {Klaus Gründler and Tommy Krieger},
  year = {2021/05/17/},
  journal = {European Journal of Political Economy},
  pages = {102047},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102047},
}

Hadenius A (1992). Democracy and Development. Cambridge University Press, New York. 

@Book{Hadenius1992,
  title = {Democracy and Development},
  author = {Axel Hadenius},
  year = {1992},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  address = {New York},
}

Hadenius A, Teorell J (2007). “Pathways from Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy, 18(1), 143–157. doi:10.1353/jod.2007.0009. 

@Article{wahman_teorell_hadenius2007,
  title = {Pathways from {{Authoritarianism}}},
  author = {Axel Hadenius and Jan Teorell},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {143--157},
  doi = {10.1353/jod.2007.0009},
}

Hsu S (2008). “The Effect of Political Regimes on Inequality, 1963-2002.” UTIP Working Paper. 

@Article{utip2008,
  title = {The Effect of Political Regimes on Inequality, 1963-2002},
  author = {Sara Hsu},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {UTIP Working Paper},
  number = {53},
}

Kailitz S (2013). “Classifying Political Regimes Revisited: Legitimation and Durability.” Democratization, 20(1), 39–60. 

@Article{kailitz2013,
  title = {Classifying Political Regimes Revisited: Legitimation and Durability},
  author = {Steffen Kailitz},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Democratization},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {39--60},
}

Kailitz S (2024). “Varieties of Political Regimes (va-PoReg). Codebook. Version 1.7.” Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies, Dresden. 

@TechReport{vaporeg_2024_codebook,
  title = {Varieties of Political Regimes (va-{{PoReg}}). {{Codebook}}. {{Version}} 1.7},
  author = {Steffen Kailitz},
  year = {2024},
  address = {Dresden},
  institution = {Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies},
}

Kailitz S (2026). “Varieties of Political Regimes (va-PoReg). Codebook. Version 3.2.” Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies, Dresden. 

@TechReport{vaporeg32codebook,
  title = {Varieties of Political Regimes (va-{{PoReg}}). {{Codebook}}. {{Version}} 3.2},
  author = {Steffen Kailitz},
  year = {2026},
  address = {Dresden},
  institution = {Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies},
}

Kailitz S (2024). “Varieties of Political Regimes (va-PoReg). Dataset.” 

@Misc{vaporeg_2024_dataset,
  title = {Varieties of Political Regimes (va-{{PoReg}}). {{Dataset}}},
  author = {Steffen Kailitz},
  year = {2024},
  publisher = {Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies},
  address = {Dresden},
}

Kailitz S (2026). “Varieties of Political Regimes (va-PoReg). Dataset. Version 3.2.” Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies. 

@Misc{vaporeg32dataset,
  title = {Varieties of Political Regimes (va-{{PoReg}}). {{Dataset}}. {{Version}} 3.2},
  author = {Steffen Kailitz},
  year = {2026},
  address = {Dresden},
  howpublished = {Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies},
}

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@Misc{wgi2017,
  title = {Worldwide Governance Indicators},
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  year = {2020},
  url = {http://www.govindicators.org},
  organization = {The World Bank Research Group},
}

Kaufmann D, Kraay AC (2024). “The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and 2024 Update.” Policy Research Working Paper 10952, World Bank Group, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/4649907e-8902-4e74-a7ed-0e205e5e7919. 

@TechReport{wgi2024update,
  type = {Policy Research Working Paper},
  title = {The Worldwide Governance Indicators: {{Methodology}} and 2024 Update},
  author = {Daniel Kaufmann and Aart C. Kraay},
  year = {2024},
  number = {10952},
  institution = {World Bank Group},
  url = {https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/4649907e-8902-4e74-a7ed-0e205e5e7919},
  address = {Washington, DC},
}

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@Misc{MagaloniChuMin2013,
  type = {Dataset},
  title = {Autocracies of the World, 1950-2012 (Version 1.0)},
  author = {Beatriz Magaloni and Jonathan Chu and Eric Min},
  year = {2013},
  url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4346003},
}

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@Article{mainwaring2001,
  title = {Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America},
  author = {Scott Mainwaring and Daniel Brinks and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--65},
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}

Mainwaring S, Pérez-Liñán A, Brinks D (2014). “Political Regimes in Latin America, 1900-2007 (with Daniel Brinks).” In Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Cambridge University Press, New York. https://web.archive.org/web/20120119050029/http://kellogg.nd.edu/scottmainwaring/Political_Regimes.pdf. 

@InCollection{mainwaring2014,
  title = {Political {{Regimes}} in {{Latin America}}, 1900-2007 (with {{Daniel Brinks}})},
  booktitle = {Democracies and {{Dictatorships}} in {{Latin America}}: {{Emergence}}, {{Survival}}, and {{Fall}}},
  author = {Scott Mainwaring and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán and Daniel Brinks},
  year = {2014},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  url = {https://web.archive.org/web/20120119050029/http://kellogg.nd.edu/scottmainwaring/Political_Regimes.pdf},
  address = {New York},
}

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@Misc{marquez2020democracyData,
  title = {{{democracyData}}: {{A}} Package for Accessing and Manipulating Existing Measures of Democracy.},
  author = {Xavier Márquez},
  year = {2020},
  url = {https://github.com/xmarquez/democracyData},
}

Márquez X (2016). “A Quick Method for Extending the Unified Democracy Scores.” Available at SSRN 2753830. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2753830. 

@Article{extended_uds_marquez2016,
  title = {A Quick Method for Extending the Unified Democracy Scores},
  author = {Xavier Márquez},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Available at SSRN 2753830},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2753830},
}

Marshall MG, Gurr TR (2020). Polity 5: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018. Dataset Users' Manual.. 

@Manual{polity2020,
  type = {manual},
  title = {Polity 5: {{Political}} Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018. {{Dataset}} Users' Manual.},
  author = {Monty G. Marshall and Ted Robert Gurr},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {Center for Systemic Peace},
}

Marshall MG, Gurr TR, Jaggers K (2019). Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018. Dataset Users' Manual.. 

@Manual{polity2019,
  type = {manual},
  title = {Polity {{IV}} Project: {{Political}} Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018. {{Dataset}} Users' Manual.},
  author = {Monty G. Marshall and Ted Robert Gurr and Keith Jaggers},
  year = {2019},
  publisher = {Center for Systemic Peace},
}

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@Article{peps2006,
  title = {Voting Counts: {{Participation}} in the Measurement of Democracy},
  author = {Bruce E. Moon and Jennifer Harvey Birdsall and Sylvia Ciesluk and Lauren M. Garlett and Joshua J. Hermias and Elizabeth Mendenhall and Patrick D. Schmid and Wai Hong Wong},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
  volume = {41},
  number = {2},
  pages = {3--32},
  doi = {10.1007/BF02686309},
}

Munck G (2009). Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 

@Book{munck2009,
  title = {Measuring {{Democracy}}: A {{Bridge}} between {{Scholarship}} and {{Politics}}},
  author = {Gerardo Munck},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {The Johns Hopkins University Press},
  address = {Baltimore},
}

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@TechReport{vdem13measurement,
  type = {Report},
  title = {The {{V-dem Measurement Model}}: {{Latent Variable Analysis}} for {{Cross-national}} and {{Cross-temporal Expert-coded Data}}},
  author = {Daniel Pemstein and Kyle L. Marquardt and Eitan Tzelgov and Yi-ting Wang and Juraj Medzihorsky and Joshua Krusell and Farhad Miri and Johannes {von Römer}},
  year = {2022},
  edition = {7},
  number = {21},
  institution = {Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg},
  url = {https://www.v-dem.net/media/publications/Working_Paper_21.pdf},
}

Pemstein D, Meserve SA, Melton J (2013). “Replication Data for: Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type.” doi:10.7910/DVN/WWYOHU. 1902.1/PMM. 

@Misc{pmm2013uds2010,
  title = {Replication Data for: {{Democratic}} Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type},
  author = {Daniel Pemstein and Stephen A. Meserve and James Melton},
  year = {2013},
  eprint = {1902.1/PMM},
  eprinttype = {hdl},
  publisher = {Harvard Dataverse},
  doi = {10.7910/DVN/WWYOHU},
}

Pemstein D, Meserve S, Melton J (2010). “Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type.” Political Analysis, 18(4), 426–449. doi:10.1093/pan/mpq020. 

@Article{pmm2010,
  title = {Democratic Compromise: {{A}} Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type},
  author = {Daniel Pemstein and Stephen Meserve and James Melton},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  pages = {426--449},
  doi = {10.1093/pan/mpq020},
  __markedentry = {[Marquez family:6]},
  owner = {Marquez family},
  timestamp = {2014.05.07},
}

Przeworski A (2013). “Political Institutions and Political Events (PIPE) Data Set.” https://sites.google.com/a/nyu.edu/adam-przeworski/home/data. 

@Misc{PIPE2013,
  type = {Data set},
  title = {Political Institutions and Political Events ({{PIPE}}) Data Set},
  author = {Adam Przeworski},
  year = {2013},
  url = {https://sites.google.com/a/nyu.edu/adam-przeworski/home/data},
  organization = {Department of Politics, New York University},
}

Reich G (2002). “Categorizing Political Regimes: New Data for Old Problems.” Democratization, 9(4), 1–24. doi:10.1080/714000289. 

@Article{prc_gasiorowski2002,
  title = {Categorizing Political Regimes: {{New}} Data for Old Problems},
  author = {G. Reich},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Democratization},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1--24},
  doi = {10.1080/714000289},
}

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@Article{LIED2015,
  title = {A Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy},
  author = {Svend-Erik Skaaning and John Gerring and Henrikas Bartusevičius},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  volume = {48},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1491--1525},
  doi = {10.1177/0010414015581050},
}

Svolik M (2012). The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. 

@Book{svolikPoliticsAuthoritarianRule2012a,
  title = {The {{Politics}} of {{Authoritarian Rule}}},
  author = {Milan Svolik},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
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}

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@Article{pitf2015,
  title = {A {{Measurement Error Model}} of {{Dichotomous Democracy Status}}},
  author = {Sean J. Taylor and Jay Ulfelder},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Available at SSRN},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2726962},
}

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@TechReport{eiu2025democracy,
  type = {Report},
  title = {Democracy {{Index}} 2024: {{What}}'s Wrong with Representative Democracy?},
  author = {{The Economist Intelligence Unit}},
  year = {2025},
  institution = {The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited},
  url = {https://www.eiu.com/n/global-themes/democracy-index/},
  address = {London, UK},
}

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@TechReport{eiu2025,
  type = {Report},
  title = {Democracy {{Index}} 2025: {{Democracy}} Stabilises after Eight Years of Decline},
  author = {{The Economist Intelligence Unit}},
  year = {2026},
  institution = {Economist Intelligence Unit},
  url = {https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/},
  address = {London},
}

The Economist Intelligence Unit (2023). “Democracy Index 2022: Frontline Democracy and the Battle for Ukraine.” The Economist Intelligence Unit. 

@TechReport{eiu2023,
  type = {Report},
  title = {Democracy Index 2022: {{Frontline Democracy}} and the {{Battle}} for {{Ukraine}}},
  author = {{The Economist Intelligence Unit}},
  year = {2023},
  institution = {The Economist Intelligence Unit},
}

The Economist Intelligence Unit (2024). “Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict.” Economist Intelligence Unit, London, United Kingdom. 

@TechReport{eiu2024democracy,
  type = {Report},
  title = {Democracy Index 2023: {{Age}} of Conflict},
  author = {{The Economist Intelligence Unit}},
  year = {2024},
  address = {London, United Kingdom},
  institution = {Economist Intelligence Unit},
}

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@Misc{ulfelder2012,
  title = {Democracy/Autocracy Data Set},
  author = {Jay Ulfelder},
  year = {2012},
  eprint = {1902.1/18836},
  eprinttype = {hdl},
  publisher = {Harvard Dataverse},
  doi = {10.7910/DVN/M11WFC},
}

Ulfelder J, Lustik M (2007). “Modelling Transitions to and from Democracy.” Democratization, 14(3), 351–387. doi:10.1080/13510340701303196. 

@Article{ulfelder2007,
  title = {Modelling Transitions to and from Democracy},
  author = {Jay Ulfelder and Michael Lustik},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Democratization},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {351--387},
  doi = {10.1080/13510340701303196},
}

Vanhanen T (2019). “Measures of Democracy 1810-2018 (Dataset). Version 8.0 (2019-06-17).” https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1289. 

@Misc{vanhanen2019,
  title = {Measures of Democracy 1810-2018 (Dataset). {{Version}} 8.0 (2019-06-17).},
  author = {Tatu Vanhanen},
  year = {2019},
  url = {https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1289},
  organization = {Finnish Social Science Data Archive (distributor)},
  address = {Tampere},
}

Wahman M, Teorell J, Hadenius A (2013). “Authoritarian Regime Types Revisited: Updated Data in Comparative Perspective.” Contemporary Politics, 19(1), 19–34. doi:10.1080/13569775.2013.773200. 

@Article{wahman_teorell_hadenius2013,
  title = {Authoritarian Regime Types Revisited: {{Updated}} Data in Comparative Perspective},
  author = {Michael Wahman and Jan Teorell and Axel Hadenius},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Contemporary Politics},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19--34},
  doi = {10.1080/13569775.2013.773200},
}

World Bank (2025). “The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Revised Methodology for Measuring Governance Using Perception Data.” World Bank Group, Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/govindicators/doc/The%20Worldwide%20Governance%20Indicators%202025%20Methodology%20Revision.pdf. 

@TechReport{wgi2025methodology,
  type = {Report},
  title = {The Worldwide Governance Indicators: {{Revised}} Methodology for Measuring Governance Using Perception Data},
  author = {{World Bank}},
  year = {2025},
  institution = {World Bank Group},
  url = {https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/govindicators/doc/The\%20Worldwide\%20Governance\%20Indicators\%202025\%20Methodology\%20Revision.pdf},
  address = {Washington, DC},
}

World Bank (2025). “Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025 Revision.” www.govindicators.org. http://www.govindicators.org. 

@Misc{wgi2025dataset,
  title = {Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025 Revision},
  author = {{World Bank}},
  year = {2025},
  url = {http://www.govindicators.org},
  howpublished = {www.govindicators.org},
}