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Understanding the state system

Xavier Marquez

2025-10-23

Source: vignettes/articles/Understanding_the_state_system.qmd

The measurement of democracy at the state level requires a “state system”, a list of states with measurable forms of democracy. The state system is more controversial than one might expect: what units count as sovereign states is not always entirely obvious, and some projects (e.g., V-Dem, Freedom House, and the Varieties of POlitical Regimes project) explicitly include units that are not independent-sovereign states but may be part of larger empires.

The “base system” for most democracy measurement projects is the Correlates of War system (Correlates of War Project 2017). The COW project states:

The Correlates of War project includes a state in the international system from 1816-2016 for the following criteria. Prior to 1920, the entity must have had a population greater than 500,000 and have had diplomatic missions at or above the rank of charge d’affaires with Britain and France. After 1920, the entity must be a member of the League of Nations or the United Nations, or have a population greater than 500,000 and receive diplomatic missions from two major powers.

This full list is as follows:

Table 1: Membership in the Correlates of War state system. Data from
cow_country_name cow_startdate cow_enddate cow_membership cown cowc
Afghanistan 1919-08-08 NA TRUE 700 AFG
Albania 1914-01-01 1939-04-07 TRUE 339 ALB
Albania 1944-11-17 NA TRUE 339 ALB
Algeria 1962-07-05 NA TRUE 615 ALG
Andorra 1993-07-28 NA TRUE 232 AND
Angola 1975-11-11 NA TRUE 540 ANG
Antigua & Barbuda 1981-11-01 NA TRUE 58 AAB
Argentina 1841-01-01 NA TRUE 160 ARG
Armenia 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 371 ARM
Australia 1920-01-10 NA TRUE 900 AUL
Austria 1919-09-10 1938-03-13 TRUE 305 AUS
Austria 1955-07-27 NA TRUE 305 AUS
Austria-Hungary 1816-01-01 1918-11-12 TRUE 300 AUH
Azerbaijan 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 373 AZE
Baden 1816-01-01 1871-01-18 TRUE 267 BAD
Bahamas 1973-07-10 NA TRUE 31 BHM
Bahrain 1971-08-15 NA TRUE 692 BAH
Bangladesh 1971-12-16 NA TRUE 771 BNG
Barbados 1966-11-30 NA TRUE 53 BAR
Bavaria 1816-01-01 1871-01-18 TRUE 245 BAV
Belarus 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 370 BLR
Belgium 1830-12-20 1940-05-28 TRUE 211 BEL
Belgium 1945-06-26 NA TRUE 211 BEL
Belize 1981-09-21 NA TRUE 80 BLZ
Benin 1960-08-01 NA TRUE 434 BEN
Bhutan 1971-09-21 NA TRUE 760 BHU
Bolivia 1848-01-01 NA TRUE 145 BOL
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-04-07 NA TRUE 346 BOS
Botswana 1966-09-30 NA TRUE 571 BOT
Brazil 1822-09-07 NA TRUE 140 BRA
Brunei 1984-01-01 NA TRUE 835 BRU
Bulgaria 1908-10-05 NA TRUE 355 BUL
Burkina Faso 1960-08-05 NA TRUE 439 BFO
Burundi 1962-07-01 NA TRUE 516 BUI
Cambodia 1953-11-09 NA TRUE 811 CAM
Cameroon 1960-01-01 NA TRUE 471 CAO
Canada 1920-01-10 NA TRUE 20 CAN
Cape Verde 1975-07-05 NA TRUE 402 CAP
Central African Republic 1960-08-13 NA TRUE 482 CEN
Chad 1960-08-11 NA TRUE 483 CHA
Chile 1839-01-01 NA TRUE 155 CHL
China 1860-10-25 NA TRUE 710 CHN
Colombia 1831-01-01 NA TRUE 100 COL
Comoros 1975-12-31 NA TRUE 581 COM
Congo 1960-08-15 NA TRUE 484 CON
Costa Rica 1920-01-01 NA TRUE 94 COS
Croatia 1992-01-15 NA TRUE 344 CRO
Cuba 1902-05-20 1906-09-25 TRUE 40 CUB
Cuba 1909-01-23 NA TRUE 40 CUB
Cyprus 1960-08-16 NA TRUE 352 CYP
Czech Republic 1993-01-01 NA TRUE 316 CZR
Czechoslovakia 1918-10-28 1939-03-15 TRUE 315 CZE
Czechoslovakia 1945-05-10 1992-12-31 TRUE 315 CZE
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1960-06-30 NA TRUE 490 DRC
Denmark 1816-01-01 1940-04-09 TRUE 390 DEN
Denmark 1945-05-07 NA TRUE 390 DEN
Djibouti 1977-06-27 NA TRUE 522 DJI
Dominica 1978-11-03 NA TRUE 54 DMA
Dominican Republic 1894-01-01 1916-11-29 TRUE 42 DOM
Dominican Republic 1924-09-29 NA TRUE 42 DOM
East Timor 2002-09-27 NA TRUE 860 ETM
Ecuador 1854-01-01 NA TRUE 130 ECU
Egypt 1937-05-26 NA TRUE 651 EGY
El Salvador 1875-01-01 NA TRUE 92 SAL
Equatorial Guinea 1968-10-12 NA TRUE 411 EQG
Eritrea 1993-05-24 NA TRUE 531 ERI
Estonia 1918-02-24 1940-06-16 TRUE 366 EST
Estonia 1991-09-06 NA TRUE 366 EST
Ethiopia 1898-01-01 1936-05-05 TRUE 530 ETH
Ethiopia 1941-05-05 NA TRUE 530 ETH
Federated States of Micronesia 1991-09-17 NA TRUE 987 FSM
Fiji 1970-10-10 NA TRUE 950 FIJ
Finland 1917-12-06 NA TRUE 375 FIN
France 1816-01-01 1942-11-11 TRUE 220 FRN
France 1944-08-25 NA TRUE 220 FRN
Gabon 1960-08-17 NA TRUE 481 GAB
Gambia 1965-02-18 NA TRUE 420 GAM
Georgia 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 372 GRG
German Democratic Republic 1954-03-25 1990-10-02 TRUE 265 GDR
German Federal Republic 1955-05-05 1990-10-02 TRUE 260 GFR
Germany 1990-10-03 NA TRUE 255 GMY
Germany 1816-01-01 1945-05-08 TRUE 255 GMY
Ghana 1957-03-06 NA TRUE 452 GHA
Greece 1828-01-01 1941-04-23 TRUE 350 GRC
Greece 1944-10-13 NA TRUE 350 GRC
Grenada 1974-02-07 NA TRUE 55 GRN
Guatemala 1868-01-01 NA TRUE 90 GUA
Guinea 1958-10-02 NA TRUE 438 GUI
Guinea-Bissau 1974-09-10 NA TRUE 404 GNB
Guyana 1966-05-26 NA TRUE 110 GUY
Haiti 1859-01-01 1915-07-28 TRUE 41 HAI
Haiti 1934-08-15 NA TRUE 41 HAI
Hanover 1837-06-20 1866-07-26 TRUE 240 HAN
Hesse Electoral 1816-01-01 1866-07-26 TRUE 273 HSE
Hesse Grand Ducal 1816-01-01 1867-04-17 TRUE 275 HSG
Honduras 1899-01-01 NA TRUE 91 HON
Hungary 1918-11-16 NA TRUE 310 HUN
Iceland 1944-06-17 NA TRUE 395 ICE
India 1947-08-15 NA TRUE 750 IND
Indonesia 1949-12-27 NA TRUE 850 INS
Iran 1855-01-01 NA TRUE 630 IRN
Iraq 1932-10-03 NA TRUE 645 IRQ
Ireland 1922-12-06 NA TRUE 205 IRE
Israel 1948-05-14 NA TRUE 666 ISR
Italy 1816-01-01 NA TRUE 325 ITA
Ivory Coast 1960-08-07 NA TRUE 437 CDI
Jamaica 1962-08-06 NA TRUE 51 JAM
Japan 1860-01-01 1945-08-14 TRUE 740 JPN
Japan 1952-04-28 NA TRUE 740 JPN
Jordan 1946-03-22 NA TRUE 663 JOR
Kazakhstan 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 705 KZK
Kenya 1963-12-12 NA TRUE 501 KEN
Kiribati 1999-09-14 NA TRUE 946 KIR
Korea 1887-01-01 1905-11-17 TRUE 730 KOR
Kosovo 2008-02-20 NA TRUE 347 KOS
Kuwait 1961-06-19 NA TRUE 690 KUW
Kyrgyzstan 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 703 KYR
Laos 1953-10-23 NA TRUE 812 LAO
Latvia 1918-11-18 1940-06-16 TRUE 367 LAT
Latvia 1991-09-06 NA TRUE 367 LAT
Lebanon 1946-03-10 NA TRUE 660 LEB
Lesotho 1966-10-04 NA TRUE 570 LES
Liberia 1920-06-30 NA TRUE 450 LBR
Libya 1951-12-24 NA TRUE 620 LIB
Liechtenstein 1990-09-18 NA TRUE 223 LIE
Lithuania 1918-02-16 1940-06-15 TRUE 368 LIT
Lithuania 1991-09-06 NA TRUE 368 LIT
Luxembourg 1920-11-15 1940-05-10 TRUE 212 LUX
Luxembourg 1944-09-10 NA TRUE 212 LUX
Macedonia 1993-04-08 NA TRUE 343 MAC
Madagascar 1960-06-26 NA TRUE 580 MAG
Malawi 1964-07-06 NA TRUE 553 MAW
Malaysia 1957-08-31 NA TRUE 820 MAL
Maldives 1965-07-26 NA TRUE 781 MAD
Mali 1960-06-20 NA TRUE 432 MLI
Malta 1964-09-21 NA TRUE 338 MLT
Marshall Islands 1991-09-17 NA TRUE 983 MSI
Mauritania 1960-11-28 NA TRUE 435 MAA
Mauritius 1968-03-12 NA TRUE 590 MAS
Mecklenburg Schwerin 1843-01-01 1867-04-17 TRUE 280 MEC
Mexico 1831-01-01 NA TRUE 70 MEX
Modena 1842-01-01 1860-03-15 TRUE 332 MOD
Moldova 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 359 MLD
Monaco 1993-05-28 NA TRUE 221 MNC
Mongolia 1921-03-13 NA TRUE 712 MON
Montenegro 2006-06-12 NA TRUE 341 MNG
Morocco 1847-01-01 1912-03-30 TRUE 600 MOR
Morocco 1956-03-02 NA TRUE 600 MOR
Mozambique 1975-06-25 NA TRUE 541 MZM
Myanmar 1948-01-04 NA TRUE 775 MYA
Namibia 1990-03-21 NA TRUE 565 NAM
Nauru 1999-09-14 NA TRUE 970 NAU
Nepal 1920-01-01 NA TRUE 790 NEP
Netherlands 1816-01-01 1940-07-14 TRUE 210 NTH
Netherlands 1945-06-26 NA TRUE 210 NTH
New Zealand 1920-01-10 NA TRUE 920 NEW
Nicaragua 1900-01-01 NA TRUE 93 NIC
Niger 1960-10-03 NA TRUE 436 NIR
Nigeria 1960-10-01 NA TRUE 475 NIG
North Korea 1948-09-09 NA TRUE 731 PRK
Norway 1905-06-07 1940-04-30 TRUE 385 NOR
Norway 1945-05-07 NA TRUE 385 NOR
Oman 1971-10-07 NA TRUE 698 OMA
Pakistan 1947-08-14 NA TRUE 770 PAK
Palau 1994-12-15 NA TRUE 986 PAL
Panama 1903-11-03 NA TRUE 95 PAN
Papal States 1816-01-01 1860-11-05 TRUE 327 PAP
Papua New Guinea 1975-09-16 NA TRUE 910 PNG
Paraguay 1846-01-01 1870-06-20 TRUE 150 PAR
Paraguay 1876-06-22 NA TRUE 150 PAR
Parma 1851-01-01 1860-03-15 TRUE 335 PMA
Peru 1839-01-01 NA TRUE 135 PER
Philippines 1946-07-04 NA TRUE 840 PHI
Poland 1918-11-03 1939-09-27 TRUE 290 POL
Poland 1945-06-28 NA TRUE 290 POL
Portugal 1816-01-01 NA TRUE 235 POR
Qatar 1971-09-03 NA TRUE 694 QAT
Republic of Vietnam 1954-06-04 1975-04-30 TRUE 817 RVN
Romania 1878-07-13 NA TRUE 360 ROM
Russia 1816-01-01 NA TRUE 365 RUS
Rwanda 1962-07-01 NA TRUE 517 RWA
Samoa 1976-12-15 NA TRUE 990 WSM
San Marino 1992-03-02 NA TRUE 331 SNM
Sao Tome and Principe 1975-07-12 NA TRUE 403 STP
Saudi Arabia 1927-05-20 NA TRUE 670 SAU
Saxony 1816-01-01 1867-04-17 TRUE 269 SAX
Senegal 1960-08-20 NA TRUE 433 SEN
Seychelles 1976-06-29 NA TRUE 591 SEY
Sierra Leone 1961-04-27 NA TRUE 451 SIE
Singapore 1965-08-09 NA TRUE 830 SIN
Slovakia 1993-01-01 NA TRUE 317 SLO
Slovenia 1992-01-15 NA TRUE 349 SLV
Solomon Islands 1978-07-07 NA TRUE 940 SOL
Somalia 1960-07-01 NA TRUE 520 SOM
South Africa 1920-01-10 NA TRUE 560 SAF
South Korea 1949-06-29 NA TRUE 732 ROK
South Sudan 2011-07-09 NA TRUE 626 SSD
Spain 1816-01-01 NA TRUE 230 SPN
Sri Lanka 1948-02-04 NA TRUE 780 SRI
St. Kitts and Nevis 1983-09-19 NA TRUE 60 SKN
St. Lucia 1979-02-22 NA TRUE 56 SLU
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1979-10-27 NA TRUE 57 SVG
Sudan 1956-01-01 NA TRUE 625 SUD
Suriname 1975-11-25 NA TRUE 115 SUR
Swaziland 1968-09-06 NA TRUE 572 SWA
Sweden 1816-01-01 NA TRUE 380 SWD
Switzerland 1816-01-01 NA TRUE 225 SWZ
Syria 1946-04-17 1958-02-01 TRUE 652 SYR
Syria 1961-09-29 NA TRUE 652 SYR
Taiwan 1949-12-08 NA TRUE 713 TAW
Tajikistan 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 702 TAJ
Tanzania 1961-12-09 NA TRUE 510 TAZ
Thailand 1887-01-01 NA TRUE 800 THI
Togo 1960-04-27 NA TRUE 461 TOG
Tonga 1999-09-14 NA TRUE 955 TON
Trinidad and Tobago 1962-08-31 NA TRUE 52 TRI
Tunisia 1956-03-20 NA TRUE 616 TUN
Turkey 1816-01-01 NA TRUE 640 TUR
Turkmenistan 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 701 TKM
Tuscany 1816-01-01 1860-03-15 TRUE 337 TUS
Tuvalu 2000-09-05 NA TRUE 947 TUV
Two Sicilies 1816-01-01 1861-02-13 TRUE 329 SIC
Uganda 1962-10-09 NA TRUE 500 UGA
Ukraine 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 369 UKR
United Arab Emirates 1971-12-02 NA TRUE 696 UAE
United Kingdom 1816-01-01 NA TRUE 200 UKG
United States of America 1816-01-01 NA TRUE 2 USA
Uruguay 1882-01-01 NA TRUE 165 URU
Uzbekistan 1991-12-26 NA TRUE 704 UZB
Vanuatu 1981-09-15 NA TRUE 935 VAN
Venezuela 1841-01-01 NA TRUE 101 VEN
Vietnam 1954-07-21 NA TRUE 816 DRV
Wuerttemburg 1816-01-01 1871-01-18 TRUE 271 WRT
Yemen 1990-05-22 NA TRUE 679 YEM
Yemen Arab Republic 1926-09-02 1990-05-21 TRUE 678 YAR
Yemen People’s Republic 1967-11-30 1990-05-21 TRUE 680 YPR
Yugoslavia 1878-07-13 1941-04-20 TRUE 345 YUG
Yugoslavia 1944-10-20 NA TRUE 345 YUG
Zambia 1964-10-24 NA TRUE 551 ZAM
Zanzibar 1963-12-19 1964-04-26 TRUE 511 ZAN
Zimbabwe 1965-11-11 NA TRUE 552 ZIM

The list includes 217 distinct units, 172 of which still exist. 24 of the 217 countries have “gaps” in statehood - they were incorporated into other states through conquest at some point, or their sovereignty was otherwise extinguished, but reverted to independent statehood later.

This list is used as the basis for two other lists: the Gledistch-Ward system of states (Gleditsch and Ward 1999) and the Polity system of states (Marshall and Gurr 2020; Marshall, Gurr, and Jaggers 2019). These are very similar to the COW list, with some exceptions. First, as Table 2 and Table 3 indicate, the treatment of Germany (post-1945 and post-1990), Yemen (post-unification), Yugoslavia (pre- 1918, before its official creation, and post-breakup), the Eritrea/Ethiopia split, the Pakistan/Bangladesh split, and the treatment of Italy pre-unification differs across them. Second, there are some minor differences in the numerical codes for four small island states which do not affect their inclusion. Finally, there are also eight states that appear in GW and/or Polity but not in COW, due to different inclusion criteria.

Table 2: Differences between the state membership lists of COW and Gleditsch and Ward
Country name in COW COW code Country name in GW GW code COW start date COW end date GW start date GW end date
Germany 255 German Federal Republic 260 1990-10-03 NA 1949-09-21 NA
Kiribati 946 Kiribati 970 1999-09-14 NA 1979-07-12 NA
Nauru 970 Nauru 971 1999-09-14 NA 1968-12-31 NA
Tonga 955 Tonga 972 1999-09-14 NA 1970-06-04 NA
Tuvalu 947 Tuvalu 973 2000-09-05 NA 1978-10-01 NA
Yemen 679 Yemen (Arab Republic of Yemen) 678 1990-05-22 NA 1918-10-30 NA
Yugoslavia 345 Serbia 340 1878-07-13 1941-04-20 1878-07-13 1915-10-01
Yugoslavia 345 Serbia 340 1944-10-20 NA 2006-06-05 NA
NA NA Abkhazia 396 NA NA 2008-08-26 NA
NA NA Great Colombia 99 NA NA 1821-08-30 1830-09-22
NA NA Orange Free State 564 NA NA 1854-03-28 1910-05-30
NA NA South Ossetia 397 NA NA 2008-08-26 NA
NA NA Tibet 711 NA NA 1913-01-01 1950-10-01
NA NA Transvaal 563 NA NA 1852-01-01 1910-05-30
NA NA United Provinces of Central America 89 NA NA 1823-07-01 1839-12-31
NA NA Vietnam (Annam/Cochin China/Tonkin) 815 NA NA 1816-01-01 1893-01-01
Table 3: Differences between the state membership lists of COW and Gleditsch and Ward
Country name in COW COW code Country name in Polity Polity code COW start date COW end date Polity start date Polity end date
Ethiopia 530 Ethiopia 529 1941-05-05 NA 1993-05-24 NA
Italy 325 Sardinia 324 1816-01-01 NA 1815-06-08 1861-03-16
Kosovo 347 Kosovo 341 2008-02-20 NA 2008-02-17 NA
Montenegro 341 Montenegro 348 2006-06-12 NA 2006-06-03 NA
Pakistan 770 Pakistan 769 1947-08-14 NA 1947-08-14 1971-12-31
Russia 365 USSR 364 1816-01-01 NA 1922-12-30 1991-12-31
South Sudan 626 South Sudan 525 2011-07-09 NA 2011-07-09 2015-12-14
South Sudan 626 South Sudan 525 2011-07-09 NA 2013-12-15 NA
Sudan 625 (North) Sudan 626 1956-01-01 NA 2011-07-09 NA
Vietnam 816 Vietnam 818 1954-07-21 NA 1976-07-02 NA
Yugoslavia 345 Serbia 342 1878-07-13 1941-04-20 1830-08-15 1920-12-31
Yugoslavia 345 Serbia 342 1944-10-20 NA 2006-06-03 NA
Yugoslavia 345 Serbia and Montenegro 347 1944-10-20 NA 2003-03-11 2006-06-02
Yugoslavia 345 Yugoslavia 347 1944-10-20 NA 1991-07-01 2003-03-11
NA NA Gran Colombia 99 NA NA 1821-08-03 1832-02-28
NA NA Orange Free State 564 NA NA 1854-02-17 1902-05-24
NA NA United Provinces 89 NA NA 1824-01-01 1838-12-31
Table 4: Differences between the state membership lists of COW and Gleditsch and Ward
Country name in COW COW code Country name in Polity Polity code COW start date COW end date Polity start date Polity end date
Afghanistan 700 Afghanistan 700 1919-08-08 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Albania 339 Albania 339 1914-01-01 1939-04-07 1914-09-04 NA
Albania 339 Albania 339 1944-11-17 NA 1914-09-04 NA
Algeria 615 Algeria 615 1962-07-05 NA 1962-07-05 NA
Andorra 232 NA 232 1993-07-28 NA NA NA
Angola 540 Angola 540 1975-11-11 NA 1975-11-11 NA
Antigua & Barbuda 58 NA 58 1981-11-01 NA NA NA
Argentina 160 Argentina 160 1841-01-01 NA 1825-01-23 NA
Armenia 371 Armenia 371 1991-12-26 NA 1991-09-23 NA
Australia 900 Australia 900 1920-01-10 NA 1901-01-01 NA
Austria 305 Austria 305 1919-09-10 1938-03-13 1800-01-01 NA
Austria 305 Austria 305 1955-07-27 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Austria-Hungary 300 NA 300 1816-01-01 1918-11-12 NA NA
Azerbaijan 373 Azerbaijan 373 1991-12-26 NA 1991-08-30 NA
Baden 267 Baden 267 1816-01-01 1871-01-18 1819-07-16 1871-01-18
Bahamas 31 NA 31 1973-07-10 NA NA NA
Bahrain 692 Bahrain 692 1971-08-15 NA 1971-08-15 NA
Bangladesh 771 Bangladesh 771 1971-12-16 NA 1972-04-18 NA
Barbados 53 NA 53 1966-11-30 NA NA NA
Bavaria 245 Bavaria 245 1816-01-01 1871-01-18 1800-01-01 1871-01-18
Belarus 370 Belarus 370 1991-12-26 NA 1991-08-25 NA
Belgium 211 Belgium 211 1830-12-20 1940-05-28 1830-10-04 NA
Belgium 211 Belgium 211 1945-06-26 NA 1830-10-04 NA
Belize 80 NA 80 1981-09-21 NA NA NA
Benin 434 Benin 434 1960-08-01 NA 1960-08-01 NA
Bhutan 760 Bhutan 760 1971-09-21 NA 1907-12-17 NA
Bolivia 145 Bolivia 145 1848-01-01 NA 1825-08-06 NA
Bosnia and Herzegovina 346 Bosnia 346 1992-04-07 NA 1992-04-05 NA
Botswana 571 Botswana 571 1966-09-30 NA 1966-09-30 NA
Brazil 140 Brazil 140 1822-09-07 NA 1824-03-25 NA
Brunei 835 NA 835 1984-01-01 NA NA NA
Bulgaria 355 Bulgaria 355 1908-10-05 NA 1879-04-29 NA
Burkina Faso 439 Burkina Faso 439 1960-08-05 NA 1960-08-05 NA
Burundi 516 Burundi 516 1962-07-01 NA 1962-07-01 NA
Cambodia 811 Cambodia 811 1953-11-09 NA 1953-11-09 NA
Cameroon 471 Cameroon 471 1960-01-01 NA 1960-01-01 NA
Canada 20 Canada 20 1920-01-10 NA 1867-07-01 NA
Cape Verde 402 Cape Verde 402 1975-07-05 NA 1975-07-05 NA
Central African Republic 482 Central African Republic 482 1960-08-13 NA 1960-08-13 NA
Chad 483 Chad 483 1960-08-11 NA 1960-08-11 NA
Chile 155 Chile 155 1839-01-01 NA 1818-02-12 NA
China 710 China 710 1860-10-25 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Colombia 100 Colombia 100 1831-01-01 NA 1832-02-29 NA
Comoros 581 Comoros 581 1975-12-31 NA 1975-07-06 NA
Congo 484 Congo Brazzaville 484 1960-08-15 NA 1960-08-15 NA
Costa Rica 94 Costa Rica 94 1920-01-01 NA 1838-07-01 NA
Croatia 344 Croatia 344 1992-01-15 NA 1991-06-25 NA
Cuba 40 Cuba 40 1902-05-20 1906-09-25 1902-05-20 NA
Cuba 40 Cuba 40 1909-01-23 NA 1902-05-20 NA
Cyprus 352 Cyprus 352 1960-08-16 NA 1960-08-16 NA
Czech Republic 316 Czech Republic 316 1993-01-01 NA 1993-01-01 NA
Czechoslovakia 315 Czechoslovakia 315 1918-10-28 1939-03-15 1918-10-28 1992-12-31
Czechoslovakia 315 Czechoslovakia 315 1945-05-10 1992-12-31 1918-10-28 1992-12-31
Democratic Republic of the Congo 490 Congo Kinshasa 490 1960-06-30 NA 1960-06-30 NA
Denmark 390 Denmark 390 1816-01-01 1940-04-09 1800-01-01 NA
Denmark 390 Denmark 390 1945-05-07 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Djibouti 522 Djibouti 522 1977-06-27 NA 1977-06-27 NA
Dominica 54 NA 54 1978-11-03 NA NA NA
Dominican Republic 42 Dominican Republic 42 1894-01-01 1916-11-29 1844-02-27 NA
Dominican Republic 42 Dominican Republic 42 1924-09-29 NA 1844-02-27 NA
East Timor 860 East Timor 860 2002-09-27 NA 2002-05-20 NA
Ecuador 130 Ecuador 130 1854-01-01 NA 1830-05-13 NA
Egypt 651 Egypt 651 1937-05-26 NA 1922-03-01 NA
El Salvador 92 El Salvador 92 1875-01-01 NA 1841-02-16 NA
Equatorial Guinea 411 Equatorial Guinea 411 1968-10-12 NA 1968-08-12 NA
Eritrea 531 Eritrea 531 1993-05-24 NA 1993-05-24 NA
Estonia 366 Estonia 366 1918-02-24 1940-06-16 1917-04-12 1940-06-16
Estonia 366 Estonia 366 1991-09-06 NA 1991-09-06 NA
Ethiopia 530 Ethiopia 530 1898-01-01 1936-05-05 1855-02-11 1993-05-23
Ethiopia 530 Ethiopia 530 1941-05-05 NA 1855-02-11 1993-05-23
Federated States of Micronesia 987 NA 987 1991-09-17 NA NA NA
Fiji 950 Fiji 950 1970-10-10 NA 1970-10-10 NA
Finland 375 Finland 375 1917-12-06 NA 1917-12-06 NA
France 220 France 220 1816-01-01 1942-11-11 1800-01-01 NA
France 220 France 220 1944-08-25 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Gabon 481 Gabon 481 1960-08-17 NA 1960-08-17 NA
Gambia 420 Gambia 420 1965-02-18 NA 1965-02-18 NA
Georgia 372 Georgia 372 1991-12-26 NA 1991-04-09 NA
German Democratic Republic 265 Germany East 265 1954-03-25 1990-10-02 1945-05-08 1990-10-02
German Federal Republic 260 Germany West 260 1955-05-05 1990-10-02 1945-05-08 1990-10-02
Germany 255 Germany 255 1990-10-03 NA 1990-10-02 NA
Germany 255 Germany 255 1816-01-01 1945-05-08 1871-01-19 1945-05-07
Germany 255 Prussia 255 1816-01-01 1945-05-08 1800-01-01 1871-01-18
Ghana 452 Ghana 452 1957-03-06 NA 1960-07-01 NA
Greece 350 Greece 350 1828-01-01 1941-04-23 1827-05-17 NA
Greece 350 Greece 350 1944-10-13 NA 1827-05-17 NA
Grenada 55 NA 55 1974-02-07 NA NA NA
Guatemala 90 Guatemala 90 1868-01-01 NA 1839-04-30 NA
Guinea 438 Guinea 438 1958-10-02 NA 1958-10-02 NA
Guinea-Bissau 404 Guinea-Bissau 404 1974-09-10 NA 1974-09-10 NA
Guyana 110 Guyana 110 1966-05-26 NA 1966-05-26 NA
Haiti 41 Haiti 41 1859-01-01 1915-07-28 1820-07-01 NA
Haiti 41 Haiti 41 1934-08-15 NA 1820-07-01 NA
Hanover 240 NA 240 1837-06-20 1866-07-26 NA NA
Hesse Electoral 273 NA 273 1816-01-01 1866-07-26 NA NA
Hesse Grand Ducal 275 NA 275 1816-01-01 1867-04-17 NA NA
Honduras 91 Honduras 91 1899-01-01 NA 1839-01-10 NA
Hungary 310 Hungary 310 1918-11-16 NA 1867-05-29 NA
Iceland 395 NA 395 1944-06-17 NA NA NA
India 750 India 750 1947-08-15 NA 1950-01-26 NA
Indonesia 850 Indonesia 850 1949-12-27 NA 1945-08-17 NA
Iran 630 Iran 630 1855-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Iraq 645 Iraq 645 1932-10-03 NA 1924-07-10 NA
Ireland 205 Ireland 205 1922-12-06 NA 1921-12-06 NA
Israel 666 Israel 666 1948-05-14 NA 1948-05-14 NA
Italy 325 Italy 325 1816-01-01 NA 1861-03-17 NA
Ivory Coast 437 Ivory Coast 437 1960-08-07 NA 1960-08-07 NA
Jamaica 51 Jamaica 51 1962-08-06 NA 1959-07-04 NA
Japan 740 Japan 740 1860-01-01 1945-08-14 1800-01-01 NA
Japan 740 Japan 740 1952-04-28 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Jordan 663 Jordan 663 1946-03-22 NA 1946-05-25 NA
Kazakhstan 705 Kazakhstan 705 1991-12-26 NA 1991-12-16 NA
Kenya 501 Kenya 501 1963-12-12 NA 1963-12-12 NA
Kiribati 946 NA 946 1999-09-14 NA NA NA
Korea 730 Korea 730 1887-01-01 1905-11-17 1800-01-01 1910-08-22
Kuwait 690 Kuwait 690 1961-06-19 NA 1963-01-29 NA
Kyrgyzstan 703 Kyrgyzstan 703 1991-12-26 NA 1991-08-31 NA
Laos 812 Laos 812 1953-10-23 NA 1954-10-22 NA
Latvia 367 Latvia 367 1918-11-18 1940-06-16 1920-02-01 1940-06-17
Latvia 367 Latvia 367 1991-09-06 NA 1991-09-06 NA
Lebanon 660 Lebanon 660 1946-03-10 NA 1943-11-22 NA
Lesotho 570 Lesotho 570 1966-10-04 NA 1966-10-04 NA
Liberia 450 Liberia 450 1920-06-30 NA 1847-07-26 NA
Libya 620 Libya 620 1951-12-24 NA 1951-12-24 NA
Liechtenstein 223 NA 223 1990-09-18 NA NA NA
Lithuania 368 Lithuania 368 1918-02-16 1940-06-15 1918-11-11 1940-08-03
Lithuania 368 Lithuania 368 1991-09-06 NA 1991-09-06 NA
Luxembourg 212 NA 212 1920-11-15 1940-05-10 NA NA
Luxembourg 212 NA 212 1944-09-10 NA NA NA
Macedonia 343 Macedonia 343 1993-04-08 NA 1991-09-17 NA
Madagascar 580 Madagascar 580 1960-06-26 NA 1960-06-26 NA
Malawi 553 Malawi 553 1964-07-06 NA 1964-07-06 NA
Malaysia 820 Malaysia 820 1957-08-31 NA 1957-08-31 NA
Maldives 781 NA 781 1965-07-26 NA NA NA
Mali 432 Mali 432 1960-06-20 NA 1960-09-22 NA
Malta 338 NA 338 1964-09-21 NA NA NA
Marshall Islands 983 NA 983 1991-09-17 NA NA NA
Mauritania 435 Mauritania 435 1960-11-28 NA 1960-11-28 NA
Mauritius 590 Mauritius 590 1968-03-12 NA 1968-03-12 NA
Mecklenburg Schwerin 280 NA 280 1843-01-01 1867-04-17 NA NA
Mexico 70 Mexico 70 1831-01-01 NA 1822-05-19 NA
Modena 332 Modena 332 1842-01-01 1860-03-15 1815-06-08 1860-03-13
Moldova 359 Moldova 359 1991-12-26 NA 1991-08-27 NA
Monaco 221 NA 221 1993-05-28 NA NA NA
Mongolia 712 Mongolia 712 1921-03-13 NA 1924-10-26 NA
Morocco 600 Morocco 600 1847-01-01 1912-03-30 1800-01-01 1912-03-20
Morocco 600 Morocco 600 1956-03-02 NA 1956-03-02 NA
Mozambique 541 Mozambique 541 1975-06-25 NA 1975-06-25 NA
Myanmar 775 Myanmar (Burma) 775 1948-01-04 NA 1948-01-04 NA
Namibia 565 Namibia 565 1990-03-21 NA 1990-03-21 NA
Nauru 970 NA 970 1999-09-14 NA NA NA
Nepal 790 Nepal 790 1920-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Netherlands 210 Netherlands 210 1816-01-01 1940-07-14 1815-06-08 NA
Netherlands 210 Netherlands 210 1945-06-26 NA 1815-06-08 NA
New Zealand 920 New Zealand 920 1920-01-10 NA 1857-07-01 NA
Nicaragua 93 Nicaragua 93 1900-01-01 NA 1838-04-30 NA
Niger 436 Niger 436 1960-10-03 NA 1960-08-03 NA
Nigeria 475 Nigeria 475 1960-10-01 NA 1960-10-01 NA
North Korea 731 Korea North 731 1948-09-09 NA 1948-05-01 NA
Norway 385 Norway 385 1905-06-07 1940-04-30 1814-05-17 NA
Norway 385 Norway 385 1945-05-07 NA 1814-05-17 NA
Oman 698 Oman 698 1971-10-07 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Pakistan 770 Pakistan 770 1947-08-14 NA 1972-01-01 NA
Palau 986 NA 986 1994-12-15 NA NA NA
Panama 95 Panama 95 1903-11-03 NA 1903-11-03 NA
Papal States 327 Papal States 327 1816-01-01 1860-11-05 1815-06-08 1870-10-02
Papua New Guinea 910 Papua New Guinea 910 1975-09-16 NA 1975-09-16 NA
Paraguay 150 Paraguay 150 1846-01-01 1870-06-20 1811-05-14 NA
Paraguay 150 Paraguay 150 1876-06-22 NA 1811-05-14 NA
Parma 335 Parma 335 1851-01-01 1860-03-15 1815-06-08 1860-03-13
Peru 135 Peru 135 1839-01-01 NA 1821-07-28 NA
Philippines 840 Philippines 840 1946-07-04 NA 1935-11-24 NA
Poland 290 Poland 290 1918-11-03 1939-09-27 1918-11-11 NA
Poland 290 Poland 290 1945-06-28 NA 1918-11-11 NA
Portugal 235 Portugal 235 1816-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Qatar 694 Qatar 694 1971-09-03 NA 1971-09-03 NA
Republic of Vietnam 817 Vietnam South 817 1954-06-04 1975-04-30 1955-10-26 1975-12-31
Romania 360 Romania 360 1878-07-13 NA 1859-01-24 NA
Russia 365 Russia 365 1816-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 1922-12-29
Russia 365 Russia 365 1816-01-01 NA 1992-01-01 NA
Rwanda 517 Rwanda 517 1962-07-01 NA 1961-07-01 NA
Samoa 990 NA 990 1976-12-15 NA NA NA
San Marino 331 NA 331 1992-03-02 NA NA NA
Sao Tome and Principe 403 NA 403 1975-07-12 NA NA NA
Saudi Arabia 670 Saudi Arabia 670 1927-05-20 NA 1926-01-16 NA
Saxony 269 Saxony 269 1816-01-01 1867-04-17 1806-12-11 1871-01-18
Senegal 433 Senegal 433 1960-08-20 NA 1960-04-04 NA
Seychelles 591 NA 591 1976-06-29 NA NA NA
Sierra Leone 451 Sierra Leone 451 1961-04-27 NA 1961-04-27 NA
Singapore 830 Singapore 830 1965-08-09 NA 1959-06-05 NA
Slovakia 317 Slovak Republic 317 1993-01-01 NA 1993-01-01 NA
Slovenia 349 Slovenia 349 1992-01-15 NA 1991-06-25 NA
Solomon Islands 940 Solomon Islands 940 1978-07-07 NA 1978-07-07 NA
Somalia 520 Somalia 520 1960-07-01 NA 1960-07-01 NA
South Africa 560 South Africa 560 1920-01-10 NA 1910-05-31 NA
South Korea 732 Korea South 732 1949-06-29 NA 1948-08-15 NA
Spain 230 Spain 230 1816-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Sri Lanka 780 Sri Lanka 780 1948-02-04 NA 1948-02-04 NA
St. Kitts and Nevis 60 NA 60 1983-09-19 NA NA NA
St. Lucia 56 NA 56 1979-02-22 NA NA NA
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 57 NA 57 1979-10-27 NA NA NA
Sudan 625 Sudan 625 1956-01-01 NA 1956-01-01 2011-07-08
Suriname 115 Suriname 115 1975-11-25 NA 1975-11-25 NA
Swaziland 572 Swaziland 572 1968-09-06 NA 1968-09-06 NA
Sweden 380 Sweden 380 1816-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Switzerland 225 Switzerland 225 1816-01-01 NA 1848-09-12 NA
Syria 652 Syria 652 1946-04-17 1958-02-01 1944-07-01 NA
Syria 652 Syria 652 1961-09-29 NA 1944-07-01 NA
Taiwan 713 Taiwan 713 1949-12-08 NA 1949-10-01 NA
Tajikistan 702 Tajikistan 702 1991-12-26 NA 1991-09-09 NA
Tanzania 510 Tanzania 510 1961-12-09 NA 1961-12-09 NA
Thailand 800 Thailand 800 1887-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Togo 461 Togo 461 1960-04-27 NA 1960-04-27 NA
Tonga 955 NA 955 1999-09-14 NA NA NA
Trinidad and Tobago 52 Trinidad 52 1962-08-31 NA 1962-08-31 NA
Tunisia 616 Tunisia 616 1956-03-20 NA 1959-06-01 NA
Turkey 640 Turkey 640 1816-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Turkmenistan 701 Turkmenistan 701 1991-12-26 NA 1991-10-27 NA
Tuscany 337 Tuscany 337 1816-01-01 1860-03-15 1815-06-08 1860-03-13
Tuvalu 947 NA 947 2000-09-05 NA NA NA
Two Sicilies 329 Two Sicilies 329 1816-01-01 1861-02-13 1816-01-01 1860-10-22
Uganda 500 Uganda 500 1962-10-09 NA 1962-10-09 NA
Ukraine 369 Ukraine 369 1991-12-26 NA 1991-12-01 NA
United Arab Emirates 696 United Arab Emirates 696 1971-12-02 NA 1971-12-02 NA
United Kingdom 200 United Kingdom 200 1816-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 NA
United States of America 2 United States 2 1816-01-01 NA 1800-01-01 NA
Uruguay 165 Uruguay 165 1882-01-01 NA 1830-05-26 NA
Uzbekistan 704 Uzbekistan 704 1991-12-26 NA 1991-08-31 NA
Vanuatu 935 NA 935 1981-09-15 NA NA NA
Venezuela 101 Venezuela 101 1841-01-01 NA 1830-09-22 NA
Vietnam 816 Vietnam North 816 1954-07-21 NA 1954-05-07 1976-07-01
Wuerttemburg 271 Wuerttemburg 271 1816-01-01 1871-01-18 1800-01-01 1871-01-18
Yemen 679 Yemen 679 1990-05-22 NA 1990-05-22 NA
Yemen Arab Republic 678 Yemen North 678 1926-09-02 1990-05-21 1918-10-30 1990-05-21
Yemen People’s Republic 680 Yemen South 680 1967-11-30 1990-05-21 1967-11-30 1990-05-21
Yugoslavia 345 Yugoslavia 345 1878-07-13 1941-04-20 1921-01-01 1991-07-01
Yugoslavia 345 Yugoslavia 345 1944-10-20 NA 1921-01-01 1991-07-01
Zambia 551 Zambia 551 1964-10-24 NA 1964-10-24 NA
Zanzibar 511 NA 511 1963-12-19 1964-04-26 NA NA
Zimbabwe 552 Zimbabwe 552 1965-11-11 NA 1970-04-18 NA

Across other measurement projects, there are also 145 units that are either non-sovereign or fail to meet the criteria for membership in the state system of COW, Gleditsch-Ward, or Polity (Table 5).

Table 5: Units not included in any state system
Country name In GW In polity In COW
Aland Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
American Samoa FALSE FALSE FALSE
Anguilla FALSE FALSE FALSE
Antarctica FALSE FALSE FALSE
Aruba FALSE FALSE FALSE
Bermuda FALSE FALSE FALSE
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba FALSE FALSE FALSE
Bouvet Island FALSE FALSE FALSE
British Indian Ocean Territory FALSE FALSE FALSE
British Mandate of Palestine FALSE FALSE FALSE
Brunswick FALSE FALSE FALSE
Cayman Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
Christmas Island FALSE FALSE FALSE
Cocos (Keeling) Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
Cook Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
Curacao FALSE FALSE FALSE
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FALSE FALSE FALSE
Faroe Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
French Guiana FALSE FALSE FALSE
French Polynesia FALSE FALSE FALSE
French Southern Territories FALSE FALSE FALSE
Gibraltar FALSE FALSE FALSE
Greenland FALSE FALSE FALSE
Guadeloupe FALSE FALSE FALSE
Guam FALSE FALSE FALSE
Guernsey FALSE FALSE FALSE
Hamburg FALSE FALSE FALSE
Heard Island and McDonald Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
Hong Kong FALSE FALSE FALSE
Hyderabad FALSE FALSE FALSE
Isle of Man FALSE FALSE FALSE
Israel, occupied territories only FALSE FALSE FALSE
Israel, pre-1967 borders FALSE FALSE FALSE
Jersey FALSE FALSE FALSE
Macao FALSE FALSE FALSE
Martinique FALSE FALSE FALSE
Mayotte FALSE FALSE FALSE
Montserrat FALSE FALSE FALSE
Nassau FALSE FALSE FALSE
Netherlands Antilles FALSE FALSE FALSE
New Caledonia FALSE FALSE FALSE
Niue FALSE FALSE FALSE
Norfolk Island FALSE FALSE FALSE
Northern Mariana Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
Oldenburg FALSE FALSE FALSE
Palestine, State of FALSE FALSE FALSE
Pitcairn FALSE FALSE FALSE
Puerto Rico FALSE FALSE FALSE
Reunion FALSE FALSE FALSE
Saint Barthelemy FALSE FALSE FALSE
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha FALSE FALSE FALSE
Saint Martin (French part) FALSE FALSE FALSE
Saint Pierre and Miquelon FALSE FALSE FALSE
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach FALSE FALSE FALSE
Sint Maarten (Dutch part) FALSE FALSE FALSE
Somaliland FALSE FALSE FALSE
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
Svalbard and Jan Mayen FALSE FALSE FALSE
Tokelau FALSE FALSE FALSE
Turks and Caicos Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
United States Minor Outlying Islands FALSE FALSE FALSE
Virgin Islands, British FALSE FALSE FALSE
Virgin Islands, U.S. FALSE FALSE FALSE
Wallis and Futuna FALSE FALSE FALSE
Western Sahara FALSE FALSE FALSE
Würtemberg FALSE FALSE FALSE
Crimea FALSE FALSE FALSE
Eastern Donbas FALSE FALSE FALSE
Nagorno-Karabakh FALSE FALSE FALSE
Transnistria FALSE FALSE FALSE
Chechnya FALSE FALSE FALSE
Kurdistan FALSE FALSE FALSE
Northern Ireland FALSE FALSE FALSE
Northern Cyprus FALSE FALSE FALSE
Indian Kashmir FALSE FALSE FALSE
Pakistani Kashmir FALSE FALSE FALSE
West Papua FALSE FALSE FALSE
Palestine/Gaza FALSE FALSE FALSE
Palestine/West Bank FALSE FALSE FALSE
Bukhara FALSE FALSE FALSE
Cape Colony FALSE FALSE FALSE
Hejaz FALSE FALSE FALSE
Khiva FALSE FALSE FALSE
Natal FALSE FALSE FALSE
Newfoundland FALSE FALSE FALSE
Saint Martin FALSE FALSE FALSE
Sikkim FALSE FALSE FALSE
Tanganyika FALSE FALSE FALSE
Leeward Islands Federation FALSE FALSE FALSE
West Indies Federation FALSE FALSE FALSE
Kashmir FALSE FALSE FALSE
Vichy France FALSE FALSE FALSE
Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine FALSE FALSE FALSE

Most of these units are included in the V-Dem dataset (Table 6), the LIED dataset (Table 7), the Freedom House dataset (Table 8), the PIPE dataset (Table 9), and the VaPoReg dataset (Table 10), which attempt to have the widest possible coverage. Their coding varies, but the following are not in COW.

Table 6: VDEM countries not in the COW system
vdem_country_name country_id vdem_cowcode
Palestine/West Bank 128 NA
Palestine/Gaza 138 NA
Somaliland 139 NA
Hong Kong 167 NA
Palestine/British Mandate 209 NA
Zanzibar 236 NA
Tuscany 354 NA
Hesse-Darmstadt 359 NA
Papal States 361 NA
Hamburg 362 NA
Brunswick 363 NA
Oldenburg 364 NA
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 365 NA
Nassau 366 NA
Piedmont-Sardinia 373 NA
Table 7: LIED countries not in the COW system
lied_country vdem lied_cow
Newfoundland NA NA
United Provinces of Central America 78 NA
Hamburg 362 NA
Brunswick 363 NA
Oldenburg 364 NA
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 365 NA
Nassau 366 NA
Somaliland 139 NA
Orange Free State NA NA
Transvaal NA NA
Natal NA NA
Cape Colony NA NA
Sahrawi NA NA
Palestine/British Mandate 209 NA
Palestine/West Bank 128 NA
Palestine/Gaza 138 NA
Tibet NA NA
Table 8: Freedom House countries not in the COW system
fh_country cown
Abkhazia NA
Chechnya NA
Crimea NA
Eastern Donbas NA
Gaza Strip NA
Hong Kong NA
Indian Kashmir NA
Israeli-Occupied Territories NA
Kurdistan NA
Macao NA
Nagorno-Karabakh NA
Northern Cyprus NA
Northern Ireland NA
Pakistani Kashmir NA
Palestinian Authority-Administered Territories NA
Puerto Rico NA
Russian-Occupied Territories of Ukraine NA
Somaliland NA
South Ossetia NA
Tibet NA
Transnistria NA
West Bank NA
West Bank and Gaza Strip NA
West Papua NA
Western Sahara NA
Table 9: PIPE countries not in the COW system
PIPE_country cown
Gran Colombia NA
Leeward Islands Federation NA
Up Of Central America NA
Upca NA
Vietnam NA
West Indies Federation NA
Table 10: VaPoReg countries not in the COW system
vaporeg_country vaporeg_code vaporeg_cowcode
Anguilla 62 NA
Artsakh NA NA
Aruba 102 NA
Bermuda 24 NA
British Virgin Islands 44 NA
Bukhara 706 NA
Cape Colony 559 NA
Cayman Islands 45 NA
Cook Islands 958 NA
Curaçao 103 NA
Cyprus, Northern NA NA
Falkland Islands 166 NA
Faroe Islands 396 NA
France, Vichy NA NA
French Guiana 69 NA
French Polynesia 957 NA
Gibraltar 231 NA
Greenland 22 NA
Guadeloupe 61 NA
Guam 985 NA
Hejaz 699 NA
Hong Kong 709 NA
Kashmir NA NA
Kashmir, Indian NA NA
Kashmir, Pakistani NA NA
Khiva 707 NA
Macau 708 NA
Martinique 65 NA
Mayotte 582 NA
Montserrat 59 NA
Natal 558 NA
New Caledonia 936 NA
Newfoundland 21 NA
Niue 956 NA
Northern Mariana Islands 984 NA
Orange Free State 556 NA
Palestine 667 NA
Palestine, Gaza Strip 668 NA
Palestine, West Bank 669 NA
Puerto Rico 67 NA
Réunion 583 NA
Saint Barthélemy 66 NA
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 566 NA
Saint Martin 63 NA
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 23 NA
Samoa, American 991 NA
Senegal 433 NA
Sikkim 761 NA
Sint Maarten 64 NA
Slovakia 317 NA
Somaliland 521 NA
Tibet 711 NA
Transvaal 557 NA
Turks and Caicos Islands 68 NA
U.S. Virgin Islands 43 NA
Wallis and Futuna 948 NA
Western Sahara 605 NA

When generating a comprehensive dataset of all democracy measures using [generate_democracy_scores_dataset], some decisions about the composition of the broader universe of states have to be made, and in particular about the end dates of some states. The main problem are states that “split” and “reunify”, like Germany.

Correlates of War Project. 2017. “State System Membership List, V2016.” https://correlatesofwar.org.
Gleditsch, Kristian S, and Michael D Ward. 1999. “Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of Independent States Since the Congress of Vienna.” International Interactions 25(4): 393–413. doi:10.1080/03050629908434958.
Marshall, Monty G., and Ted Robert Gurr. 2020. Polity 5: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018. Dataset Users’ Manual. Center for Systemic Peace. manual.
Marshall, Monty G., Ted Robert Gurr, and Keith Jaggers. 2019. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018. Dataset Users’ Manual. Center for Systemic Peace. manual.